Rhetoric+Words+A-Z



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 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.12 PM.png link="@literacymatters2/Literary Terms A"]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.18 PM.png]] ||   || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.25 PM.png]] ||   ||
 * * ==__A FortioriI__: If something less likely is true, then something more likely is bound to be true. Similarly, if you accomplished a difficult thing, you are more likely to accomplish an easier one.==
 * ==__Accidental Condition__: in a definition, an element that helps to explain what's being defined but isn't essential to it.==
 * ==__Accismus__: the figure of coyness ("Oh! You shouldn't have.")==
 * ==__Ad Hominem__: a fallacy of argument in which a writer's claim is answered by irrelevant attacks on his or her character.==
 * ==__Adianoeta__: The figure of hidden meaning ("I'm sure you wanted to do this in the worst way.")==
 * ==__Aestheticism__: the disposition that regards beauty as an end in itself.==
 * ==__Allusion__: an indirect reference, often to another text or historical event.==
 * ==__Anadiplosis__: a figure that builds one thought on top of another by taking the last word of a clause and using it to begin the next clause.==
 * ==__Analogy__: an extended comparison between two seemingly dissimilar things.==
 * ==__Anaphora__: the repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.==
 * ==__Anecdote__: a short account of an interesting event.==
 * ==__Annotation__: explanatory or critical notes added to a text.==
 * ==__Anthropomorphism__: a logical fallacy--it attributes human traits to a nonhuman creature or object. Common to owners of pets.==
 * ==__Antimetabole__: the repetition of words in an inverted order to sharpen a contrast.==
 * ==__Antithesis__: parallel structure that juxtaposes contrasting ideas.==
 * ==__Antonomasia__: use of a title, epithet, or description in place of a name, as in //Your Honor// for //Judge//.==
 * ==__Aphorism__: a short, astute statement of a general truth.==
 * ==__Aporia__: Doubt or ignorance--feigned or real--used as a rhetorical device.==
 * ==__Appositive__: a word or phrase that renames a nearby noun or pronoun.==
 * ==__Archaic Diction__: the use of words common to an earlier period/antiquated language.==
 * ==__Assertion__: an emphatic statement or declaration. An assertion supported by evidence becomes an argument.==
 * ==__Assumption__: a belief or statement taken for granted without proof.==
 * ==__Asyndeton__: leaving out conjunctions between words, phrases, clauses.==
 * ==Audience: the people "listening" to the writer's words.==
 * ==__Authority__: a reliable, respected source--someone with knowledge.== ||  || * ==__Background__: the information the writer provides to create the context for an argument.==
 * ==__Backing:__ the evidence provided to support the warrant.==
 * ==__Bandwagon Appeal__: a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.==
 * ==__Begging the Question__: a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.==
 * ==__Bias__: prejudice or predisposition toward on side of a subject or issue.==
 * ==__Bushism__: fractured syntax and code words.== ||  || * ==__Causal Chain__: a sequence of events in which one event causes another event, which in turn causes another event.==
 * ==__Ceremonial Argument__: an argument that deals with current values and addresses questions of praise or blame (eulogies and graduation speeches).==
 * ==__Chiasmus__: the crisscross figure ("Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country").==
 * ==__Chronological Order__: the time sequence in which events occur.==
 * ==__Circumlocation__: the rhetorical end run. It talks around an issue to avoid getting to the point.==
 * ==__Cite__: identifying a part of a piece of writing as being derived from source.==
 * ==__Claim:__ an assertion, usually supported by evidence.==
 * ==__Close Reading__: a careful reading that is attentive to organization, figurative language, sentence structure, vocabulary, and other literary and structural elements of a text.==
 * ==__Coherence__: the tight relationship between all the parts of an effective piece of writing. It ensures that the writing makes sense to the reader.==
 * ==__Colloquial/ism__: an informal or conversational form of language.==
 * ==__Common Ground__: shared beliefs, values, or positions.==
 * ==__Complex Sentence__: a sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause.==
 * ==__Concession__: a reluctant acknowledgment or yielding, and it may be used to your advantage.==
 * ==__Connotation__: Implied or suggested meaning.==
 * ==__Context__: words, events, or circumstances that help determine meaning.==
 * ==__Converse Accident Fallacy__: a logical foul that uses a bad example to make a generalization.==
 * ==__Coordination__: grammatical equivalence between parts of a sentence, often through a coordinating conjunction such as //and//, or //but//.==
 * ==__Counterargument__: a challenge to a position or the opposing argument.==
 * ==__Credible__: worthy of belief; trustworthy.==
 * ==__Criterion__: in evaluative arguments, the standard by which something is measured to determine its quality or value.==
 * ==__Cumulative Sentence__//:// an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.== ||  ||
 * ==__Cumulative Sentence__//:// an independent clause followed by subordinate clauses or phrases that supply additional detail.== ||  ||
 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.31 PM.png]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.37 PM.png]] ||   || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.46.42 PM.png]] ||   ||
 * * ==__Declarative Sentence__: a sentence that makes a statement.==
 * ==__Deduction__: reasoning from general to specific.==
 * __ **Denotation** __ **: basic definition meaning**
 * ==__Dialect__: distinctive habits of speech used by a particular race, class, or regional group (//y'all, themther, wernt//).==
 * ==__Dialectic__: purely logical debate of philosophers with the purpose of discovering the truth through dialogue.==
 * ==__Dialogismus__: You quote a conversation as an example.==
 * ==__Dialysis__: The this-not-that figure ("Don't buy the shoes/ Buy the colors").==
 * ==__Diazeugma__: the play-by-play figure. It uses a single subject to govern a succession of verbs.==
 * ==__Diction__: choice of words==
 * ==__Didactic__: preachy or instructive tone==
 * ==__Digression__: a remark or a series of remarks that wanders from the main point of discussion.==
 * ==__Documentation__: bibliographic information about the sources used in a piece of writing.==
 * ==__Dogmatism__: a fallacy of argument in which claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.==
 * ==__Dominant Impression__: the mood or quality that is central to a piece of writing.==
 * ==__Dubitatio__: Feigned doubt about your ability to speak well.== ||  || * ==__Either-or Choice__: a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.==
 * ==__Elegiac__: mournful over what has passed or been lost; often used to describe tone.==
 * ==__Emotional Appeal__: a strategy in which the writer tries to generate specific emotions in an audience to dispose it to accept a claim.==
 * ==__Enlargeia__: The special effects of figures--vivid description that makes an audience believe something is taking place before their very eyes.==
 * ==__Enthymeme__: a statement that links a claim to a supporting reason. "The bank will fail because it has lost the support of its largest investors."==
 * ==Epergesis: The correction figure.==
 * ==__Epigram__: a short, pithy, humorous saying presented as a general truth==
 * ==__Epigraph__: the inscription on the title page of a book (sometimes a quotation) to call attention to the theme==
 * ==__Epilogue__: a summing-up statement at the end in which the reader learns what happens after the books's conclusion==
 * __ **Epithet** __ **: a descriptive expression like "Honest Abe" or "Catherine the Great" or "wine-stained sea"**
 * ==__Equivocation__: a fallacy of argumentation in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language. Called the "language mask" in which it appears to say one thing while meaning the opposite.==
 * ==__Eristic__: a competitive argument for the sake of argument.==
 * ==__Essential Condition__: in a definition, an element that must be part of the definition but, by itself, isn't enough to define the term. An essential condition in defining a bird might be "winged": all birds have wings, yet wings alone don't define a bird since some insects and mammals can have wings.==
 * ==__Ethos__: the self-image a writer creates to define a relationship with readers. In an argument, it may suggest authority or credibility.==
 * ==__Eunoia__: Artistotle's word for disinterest--one of the 3 characteristics of ethos or argument by character.==
 * ==__Euphemism__: the use of a mild or indirect expression (ex. "pass away").==
 * ==__Evaluation Argument__: an argument in which the claim specifies that something does or doesn't meet established criteria.==
 * ==__Evidence__: material offered to support an argument.==
 * ==__Exemplification__: the pattern of development that uses a single extended example or a series of shorter examples to support a thesis.==
 * ==__Explication of Text__: explanation of a text's meaning through an analysis of all of its constituent parts, including the literary devices uses. Sometimes called //close reading//.==
 * ==__Extended Definition__: a paragraph, essay or book-length definition developed by means of one or more rhetorical strategies.== ||  || * ==__Fallacy__: a statement that resembles a logical argument but is actually flawed. Logical fallacies are often persuasive, but they unfairly manipulate readers to win an argument.==
 * ==__False Authority__: a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.==
 * ==__Faulty Analogy__: a fallacy of argument in which a comparison between two objects or concepts is inaccurate or inconsequential.==
 * ==__Faulty Causality__: a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second.==
 * ==__Figurative Language__: the use of tropes or figures of speech; going beyond the literal meaning to achieve literary effect.==
 * ==__Figures of Speech__: an expression that strives for literary effect rather than conveying a literal meaning.==
 * ==__Firsthand Evidence__: data--including surveys, observation, personal interviews, etc.--collected and personally examined by the writer.==
 * ==__Fisking__: a term invented by Glenn Reynolds to describe point-by-point refutation, usually online, of an argument that the writer finds inaccurate or rhetorically suspect.==
 * ==__Flashpoint__: (fallacy of argument) a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.==
 * ==__Form__: the shape of the story (moves from problem to solution).==
 * ==__Formal Definition__: a brief explanation of a word's meaning as it appears in the dictionary. It usually identifies something first by the general class to which it belongs (genus) and then by the characteristics that distinguish it from other members of that class (species).== ||  ||
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 * * ==__Genre__: a type, species, or class of literature.==
 * ==__Genus__: the general class to which an object or concept belongs.==
 * ==__Grounds__: In Toulmin logic, the material that a writer uses to support a claim. Grounds may be evidence or appeals to emotions or values of an audience.== ||  || * ==__Hasty Generalization__: a fallacy of argumentation in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.==
 * ==__Hendiadys__: figure of speech in which a single idea uses two nouns with a conjunction (ex. house and home or Law and Order).==
 * ==Homerism: the unabashed use of illogic, named after Homer from the //Simpsons//.==
 * ==__Homily__: a sermon or morally instructive lecture==
 * ==__Homonym__: a word that is identical in form --either in sound or spelling or both--but different in meaning==
 * ==__Hortatory__: urging, or strongly encouraging.==
 * ==__Hyperbole__: an overstatement or exaggeration (ex. I'm starving!)==
 * ==__Hypophora__: a figure that asks a rhetorical question and then immediately answers it. The hypophora allows you to anticipate the audience's skepticism and nip it in the bud.==
 * ==__Hypothesis__: an expectation for the findings of one's research or the conclusion to one's argument.== ||  || * ==__Idiom__: any style of writing that is characteristic of a particular group or movement (on the wagon, flat broke).==
 * ==__Ignoratio Elenchi__: the fallacy of proving the wrong conclusion.==
 * ==__Imagery__: description appealing to the senses==
 * ==__Imperative Sentence__: a sentence that requests or commands.==
 * ==__Induction__: reasoning from specific to general.==
 * ==__Innuendo__: the technique of planting negative ideas in the audience's head.==
 * ==__Invective__: the harsh denunciation of some person or thing in abusive speech or writing==
 * ==__Inversion__: a sentence in which the verb precedes the subject.==
 * ==__Irony__: contrast between actual and suggested meaning== ||  ||
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 * * ==__Jargon__: the specialized vocabulary of a profession or academic field.==
 * ==__Jeremiad__: prophecy of doom.==
 * ==__Juxtaposition__: placement of two things side by side for emphasis.== ||  || * ==__Kairos__: the rhetorical art of seizing the occasion. It covers both timing and the appropriate medium.==
 * ==__Kenning__: Old English phrase in which there is verbosity in place of a more familiar word (bonehouse for body or sea-wood for ship)== ||  || * ==__Leptologia__: Same as Quibbling. Using careful language to obfuscate (//"That all depends on what your definition of 'is' is"//).==
 * ==__Lexis__: term used in linguistics to designate the total vocabulary of a language or text==
 * ==__Litany__: a kind of prayer consisting of a long sequence of chanted and supplications and responses==
 * __ **Litotes** __ **: an affirmative is expressed by the negation of the opposite. "I don't dislike you."**
 * ==__Logos__: a Greek term that means "word"; an appeal to logic.==
 * ==__Looping__: a method of invention that involves isolating one idea from a piece of freewriting and using this idea as a focus for a new piece of freewriting.== ||  ||
 * ==__Looping__: a method of invention that involves isolating one idea from a piece of freewriting and using this idea as a focus for a new piece of freewriting.== ||  ||
 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.51.13 PM.png]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.51.18 PM.png]] ||   || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.12 PM.png]] ||   ||
 * * ==__Malapropism__: a confused, comically inaccurate use of a long word or words==
 * ==__Maxim__: a short and memorable statement of a general principle==
 * ==__Medium__: the material or technical process employed in an art or a communication==
 * ==__Meiosis__: understatement; saying less than one means or with less force: //Tis but a scratch.//==
 * ==__Metanoia__: the self-editing figure. You stop to correct yourself with a stronger point.==
 * ==__Metaphor__: a direct comparison of two unlike objects.==
 * ==__Metastasis__: a figure of thought that skips over an awkward matter: //"Traffic was horrible. I got into a little fender-bender, no big deal, but I got you that shirt you wanted."//==
 * ==__Metonymy__: some significant aspect or detail is used to represent the whole: An update from the White House indicates the bill has failed.==
 * ==__Minimalism__: a style based on the extreme restriction of a work's contents to a bare minimum of necessary elements, normally within a short form==
 * ==__Mode__: form or genre==
 * ==__Modifier__: a word, phrase, or clause that qualifies or describes another word, phrase, or clause.==
 * ==__Monologue__: extended speech by one speaker==
 * ==__Moral Equivalence__: a fallacy of argumentation in which no distinction is made between serious issues, problems, or failings and much less important ones.==
 * ==__Morphology__: linguistic study of the structure of words== ||  || * ==__Narration__: retelling an event or series of events.==
 * ==__Necessary Reason__: a cause that must be present for an effect to occur; for example, infection with a particular virus is a necessary reason for the development of AIDS.==
 * ==__Neologism__: a word or phrase newly invented and introduced into language==
 * ==__Nominalization__: turning a verb or adjective into a noun.==
 * ==__Non Sequitur__: a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically. One point doesn't follow from another.== ||  || * ==__Objective Description__: a detached, factual picture presented in a plain and direct manner.==
 * ==__Occasion__: an aspect of context; the cause or reason for writing.==
 * ==__Onomatopoeia__: words mimic their meaning in sound: splish splash==
 * ==__Operational Definition__: a definition that identifies an object by what it does or by the conditions that create it.==
 * ==__Oxymoron__: contradictory terms brought together: Jumbo shrimp== ||  ||
 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.20 PM.png]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.28 PM.png]] ||   || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.34 PM.png]] ||   ||
 * * ==__Pacing__: the relative speed or slowness with which an idea is presented.==
 * ==__Palindrome__: a word that remains the same if read backwards.==
 * ==__Paradigm__: a rule that arises from examples.==
 * ==__Paradox__: A seeming contradiction that is in fact true: "I can resist anything but temptation" Oscar Wilde==
 * ==__Parallelism__: similarly constructed clauses or sentences.==
 * ==__Paralipsis__: a figure in which you mention something by saying you're not going to mention it. It makes you sound fairer than you are.==
 * ==__Paraphrase__: restatement in own words to clarify.==
 * ==__Paraprosdokian__: this figure attaches a surprise ending to a thought.==
 * ==__Paratactic__: the juxtaposition of clauses or sentences, without connecting words (I'll go; you stay) for the effect of abruptness==
 * ==__Pathos__: Greek term that refers to suffering but has come to be associated with broader appeals to emotion.==
 * ==__Periodic Sentence__: a sentence that builds toward and ends with the main clause.==
 * ==__Periphrasis:__ The speak-around figure that uses a description as a name (also known as circumlocution).==
 * ==__Persona__: the speaker, voice, or character assumed by the author of a piece of writing.==
 * ==__Personification__: objects and animals are given human qualities.==
 * ==__Petitio Principii:__ Begging the question; the fallacy of circular argument.==
 * ==__Phronesis__: practical wisdom; street savvy.==
 * ==__Polemic__: an argument against an idea, usually regarding philosophy, politics, or religion.==
 * ==__Polysyndeton__: the deliberate use of a series of conjunctions.==
 * ==__Portmanteau Word__: a word concocted by fusing two words together into one (brunch from breakfast and lunch).==
 * ==__Post Hoc Reasoning__: a logical fallacy that involves looking back at two events that occurred in chronological sequence and wrongly assuming the first event caused the second.==
 * ==__Precedents__: actions or decisions in the past that have established a pattern or model for subsequent actions.==
 * ==__Premise (major and minor)__: two parts of a syllogism. //Major Premise: All mammals are warm blooded. Minor Premise: All horses are mammals. Conclusion: All horses are warm blooded.//==
 * ==__Prolepsis__: Greek for "anticipation." A figure of speech in which a description is given before it becomes applicable (i.e. Hamlet, after wounded, says, "I am dead, Horatio.")==
 * ==__Propaganda__: a negative term for writing designed to sway opinion rather than present information.==
 * ==__Proposal Argument__: an argument in which a claim is made in favor of or opposing some specific course of action.==
 * ==__Prosopopoeia__: The figure of personification. Ancient rhetoric teachers used the word to refer to school exercises in which students imitated real and imagine orators from history.==
 * ==__Pun__: a play on words==
 * ==__Purpose__: one's intention or objective in a speech or piece of writing.== ||  || * ==__Qualifiers__: words or phrases that limit the scope of a claim (usually, in a few cases, under these conditions).==
 * ==__Qualitative Argument__: an argument of evaluation that relies on nonnumerical criteria supported by reason, tradition, precedent, or logic.==
 * ==__Quantitative Argument__: an argument of evaluation that relies on criteria that can be measured, counted, or demonstrated objectively.==
 * ==Quibbling: using careful language to obfuscate: //"That depends on what your definition of 'is' is."//==
 * ==__Quotation__: a the exact words of a source, enclosed in quotation marks.== ||  || * ==__Reason__: a statement that expands a claim by offering evidence to support it. The reason may be a statement of fact or another claim.==
 * ==__Rebuttal__: an answer that challenges or refutes a specific claim or charge.==
 * ==__Red Herring__: the fallacy of distraction.==
 * ==__Reductio Ad Absurdum__: taking an opponent's argument to its illogical conclusion.==
 * ==__Refute__: to discredit an argument, particularly a counterargument.==
 * ==__Reversed Structures:__ a figure of speech that involves the inversion of clauses (What is good in your writing is not original; what is original is not good).==
 * ==__Rhetoric__: the art of language for persuasive effect.==
 * ==__Rhetorical Analysis__: an examination of how well the components of an argument work together to persuade or move an audience.==
 * ==__Rhetorical Modes__: Patterns of organization developed to achieve a specific purpose; modes include but are not limited to narration, description, comparison and contrast, cause and effect, definition, exemplification, classification and division, process analysis, and argumentation.==
 * ==__Rhetorical Question__: a question asked more to produce an effect than to summon an answer.==
 * ==__Rhetorical Triangle__: a diagram that represents the rhetorical situation as the relationship among the speaker, the subject, and the audience (sometimes called Aristotelian triangle).==
 * ==__Rogerian Argument:__ a strategy put forth by Carl Rogers that rejects the adversarial approach that characterizes many arguments. Rather than attacking the opposition, Rogers suggests acknowledging the validity of opposing positions. By finding areas of agreement, a Rogerian argument reduces conflict and increases the chance that the final position will satisfy all parties.== ||  ||
 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.38 PM.png]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.43 PM.png]] ||   || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.54.48 PM.png]] ||   ||
 * * ==__Sarcasm__: Deliberately insincere or biting irony.==
 * ==__Satire__: an ironic, sarcastic, or witty composition that claims to argue for something, but actually argues against it.==
 * ==__Scare Tactic__: a fallacy of argument presenting an issue in terms of exaggerated threats or dangers.==
 * ==__Scheme__: a pattern of words or sentence construction used for rhetorical effect.==
 * ==__Semantics__: linguistic study of meanings in language (meaning as opposed to form).==
 * ==__Sentence Patterns__: the arrangement of independent and dependent clauses into known sentence constructions --such as simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex.==
 * ==__Sentence Variety__: Using a variety of sentence patterns to create a desired effect.==
 * ==__Sentimental Appeal__: a fallacy of argumentation in which an appeal is based on excessive emotion.==
 * ==__Sexist Language__: language that stereotypes people according to gender. Writers often use plural constructions to avoid sexist language.==
 * ==__Significatio__: a benign form of innuendo that implies more than it says: "He's a stickler for detail," you say of an indecisive muddler.==
 * ==__Simile__: direct comparison using "like" or "as"==
 * ==__Simple Sentence__: a statement containing a subject and predicate; an independent clause.==
 * ==__Slang__: informal words whose meaning vary from locale to locale or change as time passes.==
 * ==__Slippery Slope__: a fallacy of argumentation exaggerating the possibility that a relatively inconsequential action or choice today will have serious adverse consequences in the future.==
 * ==__Solecism__: the figure of ignorance; a generic term for illogic, bad grammar, or poor syntax.==
 * ==__Source__: a book, article, person, or other resource consulted for information.==
 * ==__Speaker__: a term used for the author, speaker, or the person whose perspective is being advanced.==
 * ==__Species__: in a definition, the particular features that distinguish one member of a genus from another.==
 * ==__Spin__: a kind of political advocacy that makes any fact or event, however unfavorable, serve a political purpose.==
 * ==__Stance__: the writer's attitude toward the topic and audience.==
 * ==Stasis Theory: a method for coming up with appropriate arguments by determining the nature of a given situation (a question of fact; of definition; of quality; or of policy).==
 * ==__Straw Man__: a logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position.==
 * ==__Structure__: the organization of the work==
 * ==__Style__: the manner of expression, evident by choice of words, sentence structure, characters, settings, and themes.==
 * ==__Subject:__ in rhetoric, the topic addressed in a piece of writing.==
 * ==__Subjective Description__: a description that contains value judgments.==
 * ==__Subordinate Clause__: Created by a subordinating conjunction, a clause that modifies an independent clause.==
 * ==__Subordination__: the dependence of one syntactical element on another in a sentence.==
 * ==__Summary__: the ideas of a source as presented in one's own words.==
 * ==__Syllogism__: a form of deductive reasoning in which the conclusion is supported by a major and minor premise.==
 * ==__Syllepsis__: a construction in which one word (usually a verb or preposition) is applied to two other words or phrases, either ungrammatically or in two differing senses (//he works his work, I mine// or //she went home in a flood of tears and a sedan chair//)==
 * ==__Synaesthesia__: a blending of different kinds of sense-impression (//smooth sounds// or //loud colors//).==
 * ==Syncrisis: a figure that reframes an argument by redefining it ("Not manipulative. //Instructive//.")==
 * ==__Synchronic__: concerned only with the state of something at a given time rather than with its historical development==
 * ==__Synecdoche__: a part is used for the whole: //The redhead is always talking// or //All hands on deck//==
 * __ **Syntax** __ **: the way words and phrases are put together to form sentences/ sentence structure.**
 * ==__Synthesis__: any compound produced by uniting two or more elements== ||  || * ==__Tautology__: the redundancy often used in politics to mislead (also known as "begging the question").==
 * ==__Thesis__: the central idea in a work, may be explicit or implicit.==
 * ==__Threnody__: a dirge or lament for the dead==
 * ==__Tone__: the author's attitude toward the subject.==
 * ==__Topic Sentence__: A sentence, most often appearing at the beginning of a paragraph, that announces the paragraph's idea and often unites it with the work's thesis.==
 * ==__Transitions__: words or expressions that link ideas in a piece of writing.==
 * ==__Trope__: a figure of speech, especially on that uses words in senses beyond their literal meanings (//metaphor, simile, metonymy, synecdoche, irony, personification, hyperbole, litotes, periphrasis//)== ||  || * ==__Understatement__: lack of emphasis in a statement of point; restraint in language often used for ironic effect.==
 * ==__Unity__: creates a single effect and has a single aim or purpose== ||  ||
 * ==__Unity__: creates a single effect and has a single aim or purpose== ||  ||
 * [[image:V.PNG]] ||  || [[image:w.PNG]] ||   || [[image:x.PNG]] ||   ||
 * * ==__Vernacular__: the local language or dialect of common speech==
 * ==__Voice__: a vague term used to refer to distinctive features of a written work in terms of spoken lines from the narrator or speaker and assessed in terms of tone, style, or personality== ||  || * ==__Warrant__: the inference that connects the claim to the grounds. The warrant can be a belief that is taken for granted or an assumption that underlies the argument.==
 * ==__Wit__: verbal ingenuity, cleverness, or quickness== ||  ||   ||   ||
 * [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.57.32 PM.png]] ||  || [[image:literacymatters2/Screen Shot 2016-12-26 at 8.57.37 PM.png]] ||   ||   ||   ||
 * * ==__Yogiism__: the idiot savant, named after Yogi Berra. On the surface it's illogical, but it makes an odd sort of sense: //"You can observe a lot just by looking.//"== ||  || * ==__Zeugma__: Figure of speech in which one word refers to two others in the same sentence (lost his coat and his temper OR his boat and his dreams sank).== ||   ||   ||   ||